{"id":83878,"date":"2022-03-02T11:12:41","date_gmt":"2022-03-02T15:12:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ideascale.com\/viblog\/tu-duy-truc-quan-vs-tu-duy-thiet-ke\/"},"modified":"2024-06-13T07:53:22","modified_gmt":"2024-06-13T11:53:22","slug":"tu-duy-truc-quan-vs-tu-duy-thiet-ke","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ideascale.com\/vi\/viblog\/tu-duy-truc-quan-vs-tu-duy-thiet-ke\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u01b0 duy Tr\u1ef1c quan v\u00e0 T\u01b0 duy Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf &#8211; S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 g\u00ec?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><p>S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa t\u01b0 duy tr\u1ef1c quan v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong khi t\u01b0 duy tr\u1ef1c quan l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c suy ngh\u0129 quan tr\u1ecdng tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u00ecnh dung ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t tinh t\u1ebf. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n<p>Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ea3 t\u01b0 duy h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai t\u01b0 duy n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"\" style=\"--fontsize: 36; line-height: 1.25;\" data-fontsize=\"36\" data-lineheight=\"45px\">T\u01b0 duy tr\u1ef1c quan l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n<p>T\u01b0 duy tr\u1ef1c quan l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh dung th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u1eb7c m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. G\u1ea7n 60% c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng qua h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec3u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh ho\u1eb7c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n<p>T\u01b0 duy tr\u1ef1c quan \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh suy ngh\u0129 b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u1edf n\u00ean bi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u01a1n. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a suy ngh\u0129 ra gi\u1ea5y theo c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n, gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1ebd tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng tr\u1eafng, gi\u1ea5y, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong t\u01b0 duy tr\u1ef1c quan. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y gi\u00fap cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ea1n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft cao h\u01a1n cho nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam: <a href=\"https:\/\/ideascale.com\/blog\/visual-thinking-definition\/\">T\u01b0 duy tr\u1ef1c quan l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/a><\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"\" style=\"--fontsize: 36; line-height: 1.25;\" data-fontsize=\"36\" data-lineheight=\"45px\">T\u01b0 duy thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n<p>T\u01b0 duy thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu tr\u00ecnh l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ho\u1eb7c nh\u00f3m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m n\u0103m giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb chung \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n<p><b>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m 5 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>\u0110\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m:<\/b> Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1eebng ch\u1ec9 ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n m\u00e0 h\u00e3y c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111ang ngh\u0129. H\u00e3y c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng g\u1eb7p h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5. Hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><b>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1:<\/b> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp t\u1eeb kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef r\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><b>\u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng:<\/b> Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra. Ghi l\u1ea1i t\u1eebng suy ngh\u0129 b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 l\u1edbn, nh\u1ecf, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p hay \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu:<\/b> Sau khi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, h\u00e3y t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu, xem x\u00e9t t\u00ednh h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem b\u1ea1n n\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Ki\u1ec3m tra:<\/b> \u0110\u01b0a ra c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0o \u1edf gi\u1eefa. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><b>T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam: <a href=\"https:\/\/ideascale.com\/blog\/design-thinking-definition\/\">T\u01b0 duy thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/a><\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"\" style=\"--fontsize: 36; line-height: 1.25;\" data-fontsize=\"36\" data-lineheight=\"45px\">S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa t\u01b0 duy tr\u1ef1c quan v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/h2>\n<p>C\u1ea3 hai thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thay th\u1ebf cho nhau nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa hai thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>T\u01b0 duy thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong khi t\u01b0 duy tr\u1ef1c quan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 gi\u00fap hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>T\u01b0 duy thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n trong khi t\u01b0 duy tr\u1ef1c quan l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u01b0 duy thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>T\u01b0 duy tr\u1ef1c quan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i t\u1eadp kh\u00e1c nhau trong khi t\u01b0 duy thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>T\u01b0 duy tr\u1ef1c quan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n trong khi t\u01b0 duy thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"\" style=\"--fontsize: 36; line-height: 1.25;\" data-fontsize=\"36\" data-lineheight=\"45px\">Ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u01b0 duy tr\u1ef1c quan v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai t\u01b0 duy tr\u1ef1c quan, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n theo d\u00f5i blog B\u1ea3ng tr\u1eafng IdeaScale.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T\u01b0 duy tr\u1ef1c quan v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 Fresco.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":72,"featured_media":83879,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4437],"tags":[],"contributor":[4619],"class_list":["post-83878","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-viblog","contributor-paul-vanzandt-vi"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>T\u01b0 duy Tr\u1ef1c quan v\u00e0 T\u01b0 duy Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf - S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"T\u01b0 duy tr\u1ef1c quan v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. 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