{"id":83181,"date":"2024-02-23T22:00:10","date_gmt":"2024-02-24T02:00:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ideascale.com\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d9%88%d9%86%d8%a9\/%d9%85%d8%a7-%d9%87%d9%8a-%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%83%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a9\/"},"modified":"2024-06-12T02:31:49","modified_gmt":"2024-06-12T06:31:49","slug":"%d9%85%d8%a7-%d9%87%d9%8a-%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%83%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ideascale.com\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d9%88%d9%86%d8%a9\/%d9%85%d8%a7-%d9%87%d9%8a-%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%83%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u061f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><p><strong><b>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"awb-toc-el awb-toc-el--1\" data-awb-toc-id=\"1\" data-awb-toc-options=\"{&quot;allowed_heading_tags&quot;:{&quot;h2&quot;:0},&quot;ignore_headings&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;ignore_headings_words&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;enable_cache&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;highlight_current_heading&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;hide_hidden_titles&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;limit_container&quot;:&quot;post_content&quot;,&quot;select_custom_headings&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:&quot;fa-flag fas&quot;,&quot;counter_type&quot;:&quot;decimal&quot;}\" style=\"--awb-counter-type:counters(awb-toc, &quot;.&quot;, decimal) &quot;. &quot;;\"><div class=\"awb-toc-el__content\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><h2 class=\"fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"--fontsize: 36; line-height: 1.25;\" data-fontsize=\"36\" data-lineheight=\"45px\">\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629&#8221; \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0639\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"--fontsize: 36; line-height: 1.25;\" data-fontsize=\"36\" data-lineheight=\"45px\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 (R&amp;D) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a (STEM). \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a 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\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li><b>  \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 (IoT)\u060c \u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li><b>  \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 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style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 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\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629:  <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 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aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629:  <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 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\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629. \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>1. \u062d\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">  \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c 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\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>2. \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629:  <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c Medicaid\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>3. \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645:  <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629:  <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a 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\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u062c\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u061b \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u061b \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>6. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">  \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>7. \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629:  <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>8. \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631:  <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646. \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0625\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><b>\u0627\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f: <a href=\"https:\/\/ideascale.com\/blog\/what-is-digital-transformation-in-government\/\">\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u061f<\/a><\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":72,"featured_media":83182,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3891],"tags":[3950],"contributor":[4073],"class_list":["post-83181","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-3891","tag-3950","contributor-4073"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u061f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u060c 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